Table 1 Parental demographics, health history, and birth metrics in relation to neonatal leukocyte telomere length (LTL)

Total Sample

393

2.02 ± 0.30

Maternal and Paternal Demographics

 Maternal Education

  Less than high school

53 (13.73)

2.03 ± 0.24

  High school graduate or more

333 (86.27)

2.02 ± 0.30

Maternal Education

 Less than high school

53 (14.06)

2.03 ± 0.24

 High School graduate/GED only

126 (33.42)

2.00 ± -0.31

 Bachelor's/Associate's degree

116 (30.77)

2.04 ± 0.33

 Graduate degree

82 (21.75)

2.04 ± 0.27

Marital Status

 Married

248 (64.42)

2.01 ± 0.28

 Single/Other

28 (7.27)

1.96 ± 0.21

 Living with Partner

109 (28.31)

2.06 ± 0.35

Maternal Latina

 Latina

263 (66.92)

2.01 ± 0.28

 Other

130. (33.08)

2.04 ± 0.33

Maternal Latina Ethnicity

 Mexican/Central

  American

195 (74.14)

2.01 ± 0.29

  South American(SA)/ Caribbean/Spain/ Portugal

68 (25.86)

2.01 ± 0.27

Paternal Latino Ethnicity

 Mexican/Central American

138 (80.23)

2.00 ± 0.25

 Caribbean/Spain/Portugal

34 (19.77)

2.12 ± 0.40

Maternal Age (years)

32.55 ± 5.44

-0.04 (0.48)

  < 20

11 (2.86)

2.15 ± -0.27

 20–25

35 (9.11)

1.99 ± -0.23

 25–30

57 (14.84)

1.99 ± 0.28

 30–35

141 (36.72)

2.03 ± 0.25

 35–40

117 (30.47)

2.04 ± 0.24

  > 40

23 (5.99)

2.00 ± 0.27

Paternal Age (years)

33.92 ± 6.65

0.01 (0.90)

  ≤ 35 years

135 (54.88)

2.01 ± 0.36

  > 35 years

111 (45.12)

2.02 ± 0.23

Maternal Health History and Lifestyle Characteristics

Maternal Diabetes

 Preexisting Diabetes (Type1/Type2/diet managed)

21 (5.34)

2.02 ± 0.26

 Gestational Diabetes

55 (14.00)

2.08 ± 0.38

 No Diabetes

317 (80.66)

2.01 ± 0.28

Smoking

 Any smoking

40 (10.39)

2.02 ± 0.28

 No smoking

345 (89.61)

2.03 ± 0.30

SSB Consumption (servings/week)

2.72 ± 5.39

-0.04 (0.48)

 No SSB Consumption (= 0/week)

143 (36.76)

2.03 ± 0.32

 Some SSB Consumption (0–4/week)

171 (43.96)

2.01 ± 0.29

 High SSB Consumption (> 4/week)

75 (19.28)

2.01 ± 0.27

Maternal Mental Health

 No Mental Health Incidence

332 (86.23)

2.03 ± 0.30

 Mental Illness Incident

53 (13.77)

1.96 ± 0.28

Pre-Pregnancy Maternal BMI Category

26.13 ± 6.76

 Underweight/Normal (< 24.99)

198 (55.15)

2.01 ± 0.31

0.04 (0.48)

 Overweight(25.0–29.99)

84 (23.40)

2.03 ± 0.32

 Obese(>=30)

77 (21.45)

2.03 ± 0.23

Maternal Hypertension

 No hypertension present

328 (84.97)

2.02 ± 0.30

 Hypertension present

58 (15.03)

2.02 ± 0.26

Age of Menstruation Onset

12.59 ± 1.61

  ≤ 12 years

180 (46.88)

2.05 ± 0.32

-0.05 (0.36)

  > 12 years

204 (53.12)

2.00 ± 0.28

Weight Gain during Pregnancy

26.26 ± 13.13

0.04 (0.39)

  < 40 lbs

339 (86.04)

2.01 ± 0.30

  >  = 40 lbs

55 (13.96)

2.09 ± 0.30

Weight Gain during Pregnancy Within Guidelines for American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG)

 Under ACOG Range

86(22.99)

1.95 ± 0.24

 Normal ACOG Range

158 (42.25)

2.04 ± 0.34

 Above ACOG Range

130 (34.76)

2.03 ± 0.27

Parity

1.83 ± 0.97

0.02 (0.71)

 1

175 (54.18)

2.02 ± 0.30

 2,3

126 (39.01)

2.04 ± 0.31

  > 3

22 (6.81)

2.07 ± 0.29

Child Specific Variables

 Sex

  Male

192 (49.74)

1.99 ± 0.30

  Female

194 (50.26)

2.06 ± 0.29

Neonatal Race/Ethnicity

 European White

35 (8.91)

1.99 ± 0.21

 Asian (including Pacific Islander)

24 (6.11)

2.18 ± 0.51

 Black

3 (0.76)

1.99 ± 0.27

 Latinx

279 (70.99)

2.01 ± 0.28

 Missing/other

52 (13.23)

1.99 ± 0.28

Gestational Age

38.90 ± 1.81

  < 35 weeks

16 (4.13)

2.15 ± 0.27

-0.12(0.02)

  ≥ 35 weeks and < 37 weeks

34 (8.79)

2.11 ± 0.44

  ≥ 37 weeks

337 (87.08)

2.01 ± 0.28

Apgar (1 min)

7.74 ± 1.32

0.05 (0.32)

  < 7

46 (11.98)

1.99 ± 0.24

  ≥ 7 and < 9

229 (59.63)

2.04 ± 0.29

  ≥ 9

109 (28.39)

2.01 ± 0.33

Apgar (5 min)

8.80 ± 0.62

0.01 (0.85)

  < 9 at 5 min

55 (14.25)

1.98 ± 0.25

  ≥ 9 at 5 min

331 (85.75)

2.03 ± 0.30

Birth Type

 C-Section

94 (24.42)

2.02 ± 0.25

 Vaginal

291 (75.58)

2.02 ± 0.31

Child Weight (grams)

3272.72 ± 536.37

-0.05 (0.30)

 Low Birth Weight (LBW) (< 2500 g)

27 (6.98)

2.11 ± 0.27

 Macrosomic (> 4000 g)

26 (6.72)

1.99 ± 0.24

Child birth weight Z-score

0.31 ± 0.99

0.91(-0.03)

  < 0

239 (61.92)

2.02 ± 0.32

  ≥ 0

147 (38.08)

2.03 ± 0.26

Child birth length Z-score

0.21 ± 1.16

0.02 (0.71)

  < 0

132 (34.38)

2.01 ± 0.33

  ≥ 0

252 (65.62)

2.03 ± 0.28

Head Circumference (cm)

34.17 ± 1.71

-0.09 (0.09)

  ≤ 34.5 cm

234 (60.78)

2.04 ± 0.30

  > 34.5 cm

151 (39.22)

2.00 ± 0.29