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Table 1 Factors that may affect the newborn microbiome and subsequent development

From: Developmental aspects of maternal-fetal, and infant gut microbiota and implications for long-term health

Prenatal

 
 

Maternal hygiene

 

Maternal Dental Hygiene

 

Maternal diet

 

Maternal infection

 

Maternal antibiotics

Perinatal

 
 

Maternal antibiotics

 

Mode of delivery

 

Presence of Labor

Postnatal

 
 

Bathing

 

Skin to skin mother care

 

Incubator

 

Caretaker handwashing

 

Breastfeeding status

 

Heat Treatment of Milk

 

Infection

 

Mechanical ventilation

 

Invasive central lines

 

Indwelling feeding tubes