Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study subjects and households

Maternal age

16,235

19,728

8,443

9,973

3,876

7,554

65,809

 <20

626 (3.9)

1,835 (9.3)

168 (2.0)

2,183 (21.9)

984 (25.4)

1,276 (16.9)

7,072 (10.7)

 ≥20

15,609 (96.1)

17,893 (90.7)

8,275 (98.0)

7,790 (78.1)

2,892 (74.6)

6,278 (83.1)

58,737 (89.3)

Maternal education

16,239

19,611

8,439

9,974

3,847

7,555

65,665

 No formal schooling

13,595 (83.7)

4,464 (22.8)

216 (2.6)

295 (3.0)

422 (11.0)

1,610 (21.3)

20,602 (31.4)

 Primary

1,163 (7.2)

5,998 (30.6)

1,414 (16.8)

7,100 (71.2)

2,084 (54.2)

4,769 (63.1)

22,528 (34.3)

 Secondary

900 (5.5)

7,278 (37.1)

5,068 (60.1)

2,216 (22.2)

1,275 (33.1)

1,126 (14.9)

17,863 (27.2)

 University+

581 (3.6)

1,871 (9.5)

1,741 (20.6)

363 (3.6)

66 (1.7)

50 (0.7)

4,672 (7.1)

Parity

16,238

19,384

8,446

9,976

3,876

7,554

65,474

 0

3,412 (21.0)

8,321 (42.9)

4,119 (48.8)

2,498 (25.0)

1,036 (26.7)

2,056 (27.2)

21,442 (32.7)

 1-2

5,325 (32.8)

9,746 (50.3)

4,110 (48.7)

4,000 (40.1)

1,455 (37.5)

2,664 (35.3)

27,300 (41.7)

 ≥3

7,501 (46.2)

1,317 (6.8)

217 (2.6)

3,478 (34.9)

1,385 (35.7)

2,834 (37.5)

16,732 (25.6)

Antenatal care

16,121

19,696

8,426

9,981

3,874

7,529

65,627

 Any

14,385 (89.2)

19,689 (100.0)

8,425 (100.0)

9,794 (98.1)

3,856 (99.5)

7,349 (97.6)

63,498 (96.8)

 None

1,736 (10.8)

7 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

187 (1.9)

18 (0.5)

180 (2.4)

2,129 (3.2)

Number of antenatal visits

13,557

16,004

8,420

9,794

787

7,349

55,911

 1

2,889 (21.3)

954 (6.0)

108 (1.3)

468 (4.8)

124 (15.8)

365 (5.0)

4,908 (8.8)

 2

4,617 (34.1)

1,268 (7.9)

84 (1.0)

1,674 (17.1)

148 (18.8)

735 (10.0)

8,526 (15.2)

 3

3,359 (24.8)

4,436 (27.7)

502 (6.0)

3,649 (37.3)

269 (34.2)

1,386 (18.9)

13,601 (24.3)

 ≥4

2,692 (19.9)

9,346 (58.4)

7,726 (91.8)

4,003 (40.9)

246 (31.3)

4,863 (66.2)

28,876 (51.6)

Delivery attendant

16,266

19,755

8,444

9,991

3,881

7,555

65,892

 Physician

4,066 (25.0)

11,761 (59.5)

4,963 (58.8)

200 (2.0)

83 (2.1)

2,785 (36.9)

23,858 (36.2)

 Nurse/Midwife

4,312 (26.5)

7,055 (35.7)

3,249 (38.5)

3,944 (39.5)

2,067 (53.3)

197 (2.6)

20,824 (31.6)

 No skilled birth attendant

7,888 (48.5)

939 (4.8)

232 (2.7)

5,847 (58.5)

1,731 (44.6)

4,573 (60.5)

21,210 (32.2)

Delivery location

16,275

19,755

8,445

9,989

3,881

7,555

65,900

 Facility

8,624 (53.0)

18,673 (94.5)

8,186 (96.9)

4,012 (40.2)

2,340 (60.3)

2,960 (39.2)

44,795 (68.0)

 Home/Other

7,651 (47.0)

1,082 (5.5)

259 (3.1)

5,977 (59.8)

1,541 (39.7)

4,595 (60.8)

21,105 (32.0)

Infant gender

16,135

19,722

8,390

9,983

3,873

7,551

65,654

 Male

8,472 (52.5)

10,335 (52.4)

4,353 (51.9)

5,069 (50.8)

2,038 (52.6)

3,816 (50.5)

34,083 (51.9)

 Female

7,663 (47.5)

9,387 (47.6)

4,037 (48.1)

4,914 (49.2)

1,835 (47.4)

3,735 (49.5)

31,571 (48.1)

Fuel used for cooking

16,276

19,755

8,450

9,995

3,881

7,555

65,912

 Electricity

50 (0.3)

69 (0.3)

83 (1.0)

6 (0.1)

434 (11.2)

3 (0.0)

645 (1.0)

 Liquified petroleum gas

51 (0.3)

3,503 (17.7)

2,837 (33.6)

15 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

576 (7.6)

6,982 (10.6)

 Natural gas

3,861 (23.7)

3 (0.0)

16 (0.2)

29 (0.3)

2 (0.1)

27 (0.4)

3,938 (6.0)

 Biogas

11 (0.1)

95 (0.5)

123 (1.5)

23 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

5 (0.1)

257 (0.4)

 Kerosene

61 (0.4)

198 (1.0)

370 (4.4)

132 (1.3)

6 (0.2)

16 (0.2)

783 (1.2)

 Coal

13 (0.1)

3 (0.0)

61 (0.7)

4 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.0)

84 (0.1)

 Charcoal

3 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

15 (0.2)

733 (7.3)

1,306 (33.7)

0 (0.0)

2,059 (3.1)

 Wood

11,968 (73.5)

11,735 (59.4)

4,589 (54.3)

9,033 (90.4)

2,120 (54.6)

6,925 (91.7)

46,370 (70.4)

 Straw, etc.

84 (0.5)

369 (1.9)

98 (1.2)

18 (0.2)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

570 (0.9)

 Agricultural crop

19 (0.1)

2,398 (12.1)

179 (2.1)

2 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2,598 (3.9)

 Animal dung

154 (0.9)

1,380 (7.0)

78 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1,612 (2.4)

 No food cooked in household/other

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

12 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

14 (0.0)

Smoking in primary household

16,272

19,667

8,439

9,993

3,858

7,555

65,784

 Daily

5,967 (36.7)

3,446 (17.5)

2,297 (27.2)

905 (9.1)

1,065 (27.6)

123 (1.6)

13,803 (21.0)

 Less than daily

259 (1.6)

982 (5.0)

1,681 (19.9)

1,537 (15.4)

232 (6.0)

370 (4.9)

5,061 (7.7)

 No smoking

10,046 (61.7)

15,239 (77.5)

4,461 (52.9)

7,551 (75.6)

2,561 (66.4)

7,062 (93.5)

46,920 (71.3)

Cooking location for primary household

16,272

19,666

8,430

9,992

3,858

7,555

65,773

 In the house

4,010 (24.6)

19,280 (98.0)

7,768 (92.1)

2,693 (27.0)

860 (22.3)

956 (12.7)

35,567 (54.1)

 In a separate building

9,149 (56.2)

284 (1.4)

559 (6.6)

6,930 (69.4)

2,462 (63.8)

3,424 (45.3)

22,808 (34.7)

 Outdoors

3,110 (19.1)

100 (0.5)

102 (1.2)

367 (3.7)

519 (13.5)

3,172 (42.0)

7,370 (11.2)

 Other

3 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

17 (0.4)

3 (0.0)

28 (0.0)