Table 2 Risk factors for perinatal mortality

HAP exposure

3,176

62,736

Polluting fuel

2,683 (84)

51,399 (82)

1.36 (1.25, 1.49)

1.44 (1.30, 1.61)

Clean fuel

493 (16)

11,337 (18)

1.00

1.00

Maternal age

3,172

62,637

<20

294 (9)

6,778 (11)

1.14 (1.01, 1.29)

1.03 (0.90, 1.18)

≥20

2,878 (91)

55,859 (89)

1.00

1.00

Maternal education

3,168

62,497

No formal schooling

1,589 (50)

19,013 (30)

1.27 (1.12, 1.45)

1.32 (1.15, 1.52)

Formal schooling

1,579 (50)

43,484 (70)

1.00

1.00

Parity

3,154

62,320

0

1,079 (34)

20,363 (33)

1.36 (1.25, 1.47)

1.33 (1.21, 1.45)

1-2

1,053 (33)

26,247 (42)

1.00

1.00

≥3

1,022 (32)

15,710 (25)

1.27 (1.16, 1.39)

1.26 (1.13, 1.40)

Antenatal care

3,147

62,480

Any

2,906 (92)

60,592 (97)

1.00

1.00

None

241 (8)

1,888 (3)

1.49 (1.28, 1.73)

1.35 (1.15, 1.58)

Delivery attendant

3,166

62,726

Physician

1,236 (39.0)

22,622 (36.1)

1.00

1.00

Nurse/Midwife

861 (27.2)

19,963 (31.8)

0.72 (0.62, 0.83)

0.66 (0.57, 0.77)

No skilled birth attendant

1,069 (33.8)

20,141 (32.1)

0.79 (0.67, 0.95)

0.58 (0.41, 0.80)

Delivery location

3,176

62,724

Facility

2,108 (66)

42,687 (68)

1.00

1.00

Home/Other

1,068 (34)

20,037 (32)

0.96 (0.83, 1.12)

1.05 (0.77, 1.44)

Infant gender

2,934

62,720

Male

1,677 (57)

32,406 (52)

1.22 (1.13, 1.32)

1.21 (1.11, 1.31)

Female

1,257 (43)

30,314 (48)

1.00

1.00

Daily smoking in household

3,175

62,721

Yes

888 (28)

14,547 (23)

1.02 (0.92, 1.13)

No

2,287 (72)

48,174 (77)

1.00