Table 1 Accuracy and reproducibility studies of Pea Pod in full-term and preterm infants

  Sainz et al. (2003)

[17]

The US

ADP, chemical analysis (CA), hydrostatic weighing

Bovine tissue with wide ranges of mass (1.39–9.95 kg) and FM% (2.08–34.40%)

24 bovine tissue phantoms (NA)

NR

NA

%Fat: ADP: 18.55%

CA: 18.59%

SD %fat ADP: 0.70%

CA: 0.73%

95% LoA: −1.22-1. 13 %Fat

  Frondas-Chauty et al. (2012) [44]

France

ADP, chemical analysis

Live piglets with wide ranges of mass (1.03–8.49 kg) and FM% (3.2–16.4%)

34 live piglets

NR

2, 7, and 21 days

%Fat: Pea Pod, 8.01 ± 4.03%; CA, 8.7 ± 4.1%

Standard error of the estimate: 1.7%

R²: 0.83

  Frondas-Chauty et al. (2012) [44]

France

ADP within a day

Live piglets (aa above)

34 live piglets

Four times

2, 7, and 21 days

CV: ranging from 2.2 to 44.1%

Root mean square CV: 17.9%

CV values and median differed by age and %fat assessed using CA, with less variability in piglets with higher %fat

  Ma et al. (2004) [18]

The US & China

ADP, deuterium dilution

Healthy f ull-term infants (mixed ethnicity; white and Chinese)

53 (28F, 25 M)

2 days and 2 tests on first day

5.8 (6.0) (0.4–24.4) wks

%fat Pea Pod: 20.32–6.87%; deuterium: 20.39–6.68

95% LoA: − 6.84-6.71% (not related to body mass)

  Ellis et al. (2007)

[45]

The US

ADP, 4-CM

Full term healthy infants (mixed ethnic groups; white, African American, Hispanic American)

49 (24F, 25 M)

Twice

8.0 (5.4) wks

%Fat Pea Pod: 16.9 (6.5), 4-CM: 16.3 (7.2) (P = 0.62)

95% LoA: − 6.8-8.1%

  Fields et al. (2012) [49]

The US

Pea Pod, DXA

Full term singleton infants, average for gestational age and with gestational age > =37, staying in hospital less than 3  days after delivery. nfants with congenital malformation were excluded. (ethnicity nor reported)

84 (47F, 37 M)

NR

6 mo; 168.4 (3.8) days

%Fat Pea Pod: 26.7 (4.7), DXA: 31.3 (3.6), (P < 0.001)

  Yao et al. (2003) [16]

The US

ADP within and between-days – data from multiple compartment studies of Butte et al. and Fomon et al

Full term healthy infants with weight ranging between 3.40–7.45 kg and age ranging between 1.40–21.70  weeks (ethnicity not reported)

17 (8F, 9 M)

2 days and 2 tests per only one day

1.40–21.70  weeks (all 3 tests);

%fat: ranging 7.49–32.08%

SD %Fat within day: 0.52; between day: 0.60

CV %fat within day: 2.85; between day: 2.95

95% LoA within day: − 2.0-1.2%; between day: − 2.2-1.7% (not a function of behavioural state)

  Ma et al. (2004)

[18]

The US & China

ADP within and between days

Healthy full-term infants (mixed ethnicity; white and Chinese)

36 (16F, 20 M)

2 days and 2 tests on first day

7.6 (7.2) (0.4–21.7) wks

SD %fat within day: 0.69%; between day: 0.72%

CV %fat within day: 4.94; between day: 5.10%

95% LoA within day: − 2.7-3.1%; between day: − 2.9-1.9 (not a function of body f atness)

  Ellis et al. (2007)

[45]

The US

ADP within day

Full term healthy infants (mixed ethnic groups; white, African American, Hispanic American)

31 (18F, 13 M)

Twice

6.0 (3.3) wks

SD %fat within: 0.7%

CV %fat within: 7.9%

95% LoA: − 2.3-3.1%

  Roggero et al. (2012)

[50]

Italy

Pea Pod, deuterium dilution

Preterm singleton infants with gestational age = < 36  weeks were included. Also term infants with gestational age > =37 were included. Infants aged > 1 mo of age, with congenital diseases,

chromosomal abnormalities, respiratory distress syndrome, or severe brain, metabolic, cardiac, or gastrointestinal diseases were excluded.

10 (4F, 6 M)

NR

<  1 month

%fat Pea Pod: 5.67 (1.84), deuterium dilution: 5.99 (2.56), P = 0.53

95% LoA: −3.4-2.76%

(not a function of mean values)

  Forsum et al. (2016)

[51]

Sweden

Pea Pod, deuterium dilution

Infants without sepsis or malformations born between 32 and 37 gestational weeks (ethnicity not reported)

14 (4F, 10 M)

NR

3–7 days old

%Fat Pea Pod: 4.2 (3.9), deuterium dilution 3.2 (3.8) (P > 0.05)

95% LoA: − 6.8-4.8%

FFM density by Pea Pod did not correlate with those of deuterium dilution (r² = 0.04, P > 0.05)

Hydration factor: 83%

  Roggero et al. (2012)

[50]

Italy

NA

Preterm singleton infants with gestational age = < 36  weeks were included. Also term infants with gestational age > =37 were included. Infants aged > 1 mo of age, with congenital diseases,

chromosomal abnormalities, respiratory distress syndrome, or severe brain, metabolic, cardiac, or gastrointestinal diseases were excluded.

Precision:

57 (29F, 28 M)

Inter-devise reproducibility:

9 full term and 3 preterm (6F, 6 M)

Twice

<  1 month

%Fat SD: 1.1

95% LoA: − 2.05-2.36%

Inter-device reproducibility:

%fat test 1: 8.97%, test 2: 8.55%

95% LoA: − 1.87-2.71