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Table 2 Crude and adjusted odds ratio of low birth weight singleton births according to maternal characteristics and perinatal health behaviors in California for the period 2005–2014
| Variable | Crude odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p valuea | AOR (95% CL) | p valuea | |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| < 20 | 1.28 (1.26–1.30) | < .001 | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 0.001 |
| 25–29 | 0.90 (0.89–0.91) | < .001 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | < .001 |
| 30–34 | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) | < .001 | 1.25 (1.23–1.27) | < .001 |
| 35–39 | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) | < .001 | 1.54 (1.51–1.56) | < .001 |
| 40–54 | 1.41 (1.38–1.44) | < .001 | 2.01 (1.95–2.06) | < .001 |
| 20–24 (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal race and ethnicity | ||||
| African American | 2.57 (2.53–2.62) | < .001 | 2.41 (2.36–2.46) | < .001 |
| American Indian | 1.40 (1.30–1.50) | < .001 | 1.31 (1.21–1.43) | < .001 |
| Asian | 1.53 (1.51–1.55) | < .001 | 1.80 (1.76–1.83) | < .001 |
| Hispanic | 1.27 (1.26–1.29) | < .001 | 1.30 (1.28–1.32) | < .001 |
| Multiple race | 1.45 (1.40–1.49) | < .001 | 1.41 (1.36–1.45) | < .001 |
| Other/unknown | 1.63 (1.58–1.68) | < .001 | 1.52 (1.45–1.59) | < .001 |
| Pacific Islander | 1.40 (1.31–1.50) | < .001 | 1.50 (1.39–1.62) | < .001 |
| White (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal education level | ||||
| Less than high school diploma | 1.29 (1.28–1.31) | < .001 | 1.36 (1.34–1.39) | < .001 |
| High school diploma | 1.25 (1.24–1.27) | < .001 | 1.29 (1.27–1.31) | < .001 |
| Some college or associate degree | 1.23 (1.22–1.25) | < .001 | 1.27 (1.25–1.29) | < .001 |
| Unknown | 1.46 (1.43–1.49) | < .001 | 1.34 (1.29–1.39) | < .001 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal nativity | ||||
| United States-born | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | < .001 | 1.15 (1.13–1.16) | < .001 |
| Foreign-born (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal demographic region | ||||
| Central Coast | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.246 | 1.06 (1.03–1.11) | 0.001 |
| Greater Bay Area | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | < .001 | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 0.001 |
| Inland Empire | 1.16 (1.13–1.19) | < .001 | 1.16 (1.12–1.20) | < .001 |
| Los Angeles County | 1.21 (1.17–1.24) | < .001 | 1.15 (1.11–1.18) | < .001 |
| Orange County | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.274 | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 0.001 |
| Sacramento area | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | < .001 | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | < .001 |
| San Diego area | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.006 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | < .001 |
| San Joaquin Valley | 1.21 (1.18–1.25) | < .001 | 1.20 (1.16–1.24) | < .001 |
| Northern and Sierra | Ref | Ref | ||
| Source of prenatal care payment | ||||
| Medi-Cal (Public) | 1.17 (1.16–1.19) | < .001 | 1.13 (1.12–1.15) | < .001 |
| Private insurance (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| First trimester prenatal care initiation | ||||
| No | 1.11 (1.10–1.13) | < .001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | < .001 |
| Yes (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Parity | ||||
| Primiparous | 1.40 (1.39–1.42) | < .001 | 1.57 (1.55–1.58) | < .001 |
| Multiparous (6–12) | 1.67 (1.63–1.72) | < .001 | 1.20 (1.17–1.25) | < .001 |
| Multiparous (2–5) (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal smoking during both first and second trimesters | ||||
| Yes | 2.11 (2.05–2.16) | < .001 | 1.98 (1.92–2.04) | < .001 |
| No (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 1.58 (1.55–1.61) | < .001 | 1.49 (1.46–1.52) | < .001 |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | < .001 | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | < .001 |
| Obese I (30.0–34.9) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.919 | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.118 |
| Obese II (35.0–39.9) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | < .001 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.315 |
| Obese III (≥ 40) | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | < .001 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.237 |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) (ref) | Ref | Ref | ||
