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Table 2 Crude and adjusted odds ratio of low birth weight singleton births according to maternal characteristics and perinatal health behaviors in California for the period 2005–2014

From: Recent trends, risk factors, and disparities in low birth weight in California, 2005–2014: a retrospective study

Variable

Crude odds ratio

Adjusted odds ratio

OR (95% CI)

p valuea

AOR (95% CL)

p valuea

Maternal age (years)

 <  20

1.28 (1.26–1.30)

< .001

1.04 (1.01–1.06)

0.001

 25–29

0.90 (0.89–0.91)

< .001

1.09 (1.07–1.11)

< .001

 30–34

0.92 (0.91–0.94)

< .001

1.25 (1.23–1.27)

< .001

 35–39

1.08 (1.06–1.09)

< .001

1.54 (1.51–1.56)

< .001

 40–54

1.41 (1.38–1.44)

< .001

2.01 (1.95–2.06)

< .001

 20–24 (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Maternal race and ethnicity

 African American

2.57 (2.53–2.62)

< .001

2.41 (2.36–2.46)

< .001

 American Indian

1.40 (1.30–1.50)

< .001

1.31 (1.21–1.43)

< .001

 Asian

1.53 (1.51–1.55)

< .001

1.80 (1.76–1.83)

< .001

 Hispanic

1.27 (1.26–1.29)

< .001

1.30 (1.28–1.32)

< .001

 Multiple race

1.45 (1.40–1.49)

< .001

1.41 (1.36–1.45)

< .001

 Other/unknown

1.63 (1.58–1.68)

< .001

1.52 (1.45–1.59)

< .001

 Pacific Islander

1.40 (1.31–1.50)

< .001

1.50 (1.39–1.62)

< .001

 White (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Maternal education level

 Less than high school diploma

1.29 (1.28–1.31)

< .001

1.36 (1.34–1.39)

< .001

 High school diploma

1.25 (1.24–1.27)

< .001

1.29 (1.27–1.31)

< .001

 Some college or associate degree

1.23 (1.22–1.25)

< .001

1.27 (1.25–1.29)

< .001

 Unknown

1.46 (1.43–1.49)

< .001

1.34 (1.29–1.39)

< .001

 Bachelor’s degree or higher (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Maternal nativity

 United States-born

1.06 (1.05–1.07)

< .001

1.15 (1.13–1.16)

< .001

 Foreign-born (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Maternal demographic region

 Central Coast

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

0.246

1.06 (1.03–1.11)

0.001

 Greater Bay Area

1.09 (1.06–1.13)

< .001

1.06 (1.02–1.09)

0.001

 Inland Empire

1.16 (1.13–1.19)

< .001

1.16 (1.12–1.20)

< .001

 Los Angeles County

1.21 (1.17–1.24)

< .001

1.15 (1.11–1.18)

< .001

 Orange County

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

0.274

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.001

 Sacramento area

1.07 (1.03–1.10)

< .001

1.07 (1.03–1.11)

< .001

 San Diego area

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

0.006

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

< .001

 San Joaquin Valley

1.21 (1.18–1.25)

< .001

1.20 (1.16–1.24)

< .001

 Northern and Sierra

Ref

 

Ref

 

Source of prenatal care payment

 Medi-Cal (Public)

1.17 (1.16–1.19)

< .001

1.13 (1.12–1.15)

< .001

 Private insurance (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

First trimester prenatal care initiation

 No

1.11 (1.10–1.13)

< .001

1.03 (1.02–1.04)

< .001

 Yes (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Parity

 Primiparous

1.40 (1.39–1.42)

< .001

1.57 (1.55–1.58)

< .001

 Multiparous (6–12)

1.67 (1.63–1.72)

< .001

1.20 (1.17–1.25)

< .001

 Multiparous (2–5) (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Maternal smoking during both first and second trimesters

 Yes

2.11 (2.05–2.16)

< .001

1.98 (1.92–2.04)

< .001

 No (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 

Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)

 Underweight (< 18.5)

1.58 (1.55–1.61)

< .001

1.49 (1.46–1.52)

< .001

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)

< .001

0.95 (0.94–0.97)

< .001

 Obese I (30.0–34.9)

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

0.919

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

0.118

 Obese II (35.0–39.9)

1.04 (1.02–1.06)

< .001

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

0.315

 Obese III (≥ 40)

1.08 (1.06–1.11)

< .001

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

0.237

 Normal (18.5–24.9) (ref)

Ref

 

Ref

 
  1. AOR adjusted odds ratio, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio
  2. Ref = Reference group
  3. a p value determined using the χ2 test
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Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology

ISSN: 2054-958X

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