|
Maternal age (years)
|
|
< 20
|
1.28 (1.26–1.30)
|
< .001
|
1.04 (1.01–1.06)
|
0.001
|
|
25–29
|
0.90 (0.89–0.91)
|
< .001
|
1.09 (1.07–1.11)
|
< .001
|
|
30–34
|
0.92 (0.91–0.94)
|
< .001
|
1.25 (1.23–1.27)
|
< .001
|
|
35–39
|
1.08 (1.06–1.09)
|
< .001
|
1.54 (1.51–1.56)
|
< .001
|
|
40–54
|
1.41 (1.38–1.44)
|
< .001
|
2.01 (1.95–2.06)
|
< .001
|
|
20–24 (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Maternal race and ethnicity
|
|
African American
|
2.57 (2.53–2.62)
|
< .001
|
2.41 (2.36–2.46)
|
< .001
|
|
American Indian
|
1.40 (1.30–1.50)
|
< .001
|
1.31 (1.21–1.43)
|
< .001
|
|
Asian
|
1.53 (1.51–1.55)
|
< .001
|
1.80 (1.76–1.83)
|
< .001
|
|
Hispanic
|
1.27 (1.26–1.29)
|
< .001
|
1.30 (1.28–1.32)
|
< .001
|
|
Multiple race
|
1.45 (1.40–1.49)
|
< .001
|
1.41 (1.36–1.45)
|
< .001
|
|
Other/unknown
|
1.63 (1.58–1.68)
|
< .001
|
1.52 (1.45–1.59)
|
< .001
|
|
Pacific Islander
|
1.40 (1.31–1.50)
|
< .001
|
1.50 (1.39–1.62)
|
< .001
|
|
White (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Maternal education level
|
|
Less than high school diploma
|
1.29 (1.28–1.31)
|
< .001
|
1.36 (1.34–1.39)
|
< .001
|
|
High school diploma
|
1.25 (1.24–1.27)
|
< .001
|
1.29 (1.27–1.31)
|
< .001
|
|
Some college or associate degree
|
1.23 (1.22–1.25)
|
< .001
|
1.27 (1.25–1.29)
|
< .001
|
|
Unknown
|
1.46 (1.43–1.49)
|
< .001
|
1.34 (1.29–1.39)
|
< .001
|
|
Bachelor’s degree or higher (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Maternal nativity
|
|
United States-born
|
1.06 (1.05–1.07)
|
< .001
|
1.15 (1.13–1.16)
|
< .001
|
|
Foreign-born (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Maternal demographic region
|
|
Central Coast
|
0.98 (0.95–1.01)
|
0.246
|
1.06 (1.03–1.11)
|
0.001
|
|
Greater Bay Area
|
1.09 (1.06–1.13)
|
< .001
|
1.06 (1.02–1.09)
|
0.001
|
|
Inland Empire
|
1.16 (1.13–1.19)
|
< .001
|
1.16 (1.12–1.20)
|
< .001
|
|
Los Angeles County
|
1.21 (1.17–1.24)
|
< .001
|
1.15 (1.11–1.18)
|
< .001
|
|
Orange County
|
1.02 (0.99–1.05)
|
0.274
|
1.06 (1.02–1.10)
|
0.001
|
|
Sacramento area
|
1.07 (1.03–1.10)
|
< .001
|
1.07 (1.03–1.11)
|
< .001
|
|
San Diego area
|
1.04 (1.01–1.08)
|
0.006
|
1.10 (1.06–1.14)
|
< .001
|
|
San Joaquin Valley
|
1.21 (1.18–1.25)
|
< .001
|
1.20 (1.16–1.24)
|
< .001
|
|
Northern and Sierra
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Source of prenatal care payment
|
|
Medi-Cal (Public)
|
1.17 (1.16–1.19)
|
< .001
|
1.13 (1.12–1.15)
|
< .001
|
|
Private insurance (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
First trimester prenatal care initiation
|
|
No
|
1.11 (1.10–1.13)
|
< .001
|
1.03 (1.02–1.04)
|
< .001
|
|
Yes (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Parity
|
|
Primiparous
|
1.40 (1.39–1.42)
|
< .001
|
1.57 (1.55–1.58)
|
< .001
|
|
Multiparous (6–12)
|
1.67 (1.63–1.72)
|
< .001
|
1.20 (1.17–1.25)
|
< .001
|
|
Multiparous (2–5) (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Maternal smoking during both first and second trimesters
|
|
Yes
|
2.11 (2.05–2.16)
|
< .001
|
1.98 (1.92–2.04)
|
< .001
|
|
No (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)
|
|
Underweight (< 18.5)
|
1.58 (1.55–1.61)
|
< .001
|
1.49 (1.46–1.52)
|
< .001
|
|
Overweight (25.0–29.9)
|
0.95 (0.94–0.96)
|
< .001
|
0.95 (0.94–0.97)
|
< .001
|
|
Obese I (30.0–34.9)
|
1.00 (0.99–1.02)
|
0.919
|
0.99 (0.97–1.00)
|
0.118
|
|
Obese II (35.0–39.9)
|
1.04 (1.02–1.06)
|
< .001
|
1.01 (0.99–1.04)
|
0.315
|
|
Obese III (≥ 40)
|
1.08 (1.06–1.11)
|
< .001
|
1.02 (0.99–1.05)
|
0.237
|
|
Normal (18.5–24.9) (ref)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
