Study (Year) | Design | Population and Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Results Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hufnagle (1982) [30] | cohort | 10 premature infants with NC | RUS during NICU admission | • All infants received furosemide of at least 2 mg/kg/day for at least 12 days prior to NC. |
Woolfield (1988) [31] | cohort | 36 infants with BW ≤ 1500 g | RUS at 12 months of age | • 3/32 (9%) infants had NC on RUS and had received chronic furosemide with doses ranging from 2 to 8 mg/kg/day. • NC resolved in 2/3 (67%) cases; 1 died of unrelated causes. |
Jacinto (1988) [32] | cohort | 31 infants with BW < 1500 g | RUS in third week of life and every 3 week thereafter until NICU discharge | • NC was diagnosed in 20/31 (64%) of infants. • Exposure to furosemide was more common in NC group (65% vs 9%; p < 0.001). |
Ezzedeen (1988) [33] | cohort | 17 premature infants with NC treated with furosemide; 3 premature infants treated with furosemide without NC (control group) | RUS during NICU admission | • No difference in average daily dose or duration of furosemide in NC group compared to control group. |
Short (1991) [34] | cohort | 79 infants with GA < 32 weeks | Serial RUS | • 21/79 (27%) of infants diagnosed with NC. • No difference in mean total dose of furosemide. |
Downing (1991) [35] | cohort | 117 infants with BW < 1750 g and BPD treated with furosemide | RUS prior to discharge and in 3–6 month intervals for positive findings of NC/NL | • 20/117 (17%) had evidence of NC/NL on RUS prior to discharge. • Infants maintained on furosemide were more likely to have persistent NC/NL compared to those for whom furosemide was stopped (p < 0.001). |
Downing (1992) [36] | cohort | 27 infants with BW < 1500 g enrolled into 3 groups: 1) not exposed to furosemide (n = 7); 2) received furosemide without NC (n = 10); and 3) received furosemide with NC (n = 10) | RUS and laboratory testing for glomerular and tubular kidney function | • Infants in group 3 had lower creatinine clearance (reduced glomerular function) and higher tubular dysfunction compared to infants in group 1 and 2. |
Stafstrom (1992) [37] | cohort | 11 premature infants with post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus treated with furosemide and acetazolamide | Serial RUS | • 5/11 (45%) infants with evidence of NC. • No correlation between duration of treatment, total dosage of medications, and development of renal calculi. |
Pope (1996) [38] | cohort | 13 premature infants with NC and exposed to furosemide divided into 2 groups: resolution of NC (n = 6) and persistent NC (n = 7). | Serial RUS | • No difference in duration of or cumulative dose of furosemide in infants with resolution of NC compared to those with persistence of NC. |
Saarela (1999) [39] | cohort | 129 infants with BW < 1500 g | RUS at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months of life | • 26/129 (20%) of infants diagnosed with NC. • The mean cumulative doses of furosemide were significantly higher in infants with NC compared to those without NC (19 mg vs 5 mg; p < 0.001). |
Schell-Feith (2000) [40] | cohort | 215 infants with GA < 32 weeks | RUS at 4 weeks of life and at term | • NC diagnosed in 50/150 (33%) of infants at 4 weeks of life and 83/201 (41%) at term (NS). • At term, furosemide exposure was higher in those with NC (32%) compared to those without NC (18%) (p < 0.001). |
Narendra (2001) [41] | cohort | 101 infants with GA < 32 weeks or BW < 1500 g | RUS at 1 month of age and at term or NICU discharge | • 16/101 (16%) diagnosed with NC. • The median total dose of furosemide was not significantly different before detection of NC on term RUS and in infants without NC (p = 0.75). |
Hoppe (2002) [42] | cohort | 16 infants with GA < 37 weeks and diagnosed with NC | RUS during NICU admission and every 3–6 months following discharge | • NC persisted in 4/12 (33%) infants who received follow-up. • Infants with resolution of NC received lower dosages of furosemide compared to those with persistent NC (p < 0.05). |
Hein (2004) [43] | cohort | 114 infants with BW < 1500 g divided into 2 groups: 1) NC (n = 20); 2) without NC (n = 94). 20 infants from control group matched to NC group based on BW and GA. | RUS every 2 weeks during NICU admission | • No difference in duration of furosemide therapy between groups. |
Ketkeaw (2004) [44] | cohort | 36 infants with GA < 32 weeks and BW < 1250 g | RUS prior to NICU discharge | • 14/36 (39%) were diagnosed with NC. • The mean cumulative dose and mean duration of furosemide was higher in infants with NC compared to those without NC (102 mg vs 32 mg; p = 0.001 and 39 vs 7 days; p = 0.001). |
Cranefield (2004) [45] | cohort | Cohort of infants enrolled in randomized trial of two regimens of dexamethasone for the prevention of BPD. | RUS on study entry, day of life 28, and at discharge or 36 weeks postmenstrual age | • 15/18 (83%) of infants for whom complete data were available were diagnosed with NC prior to discharge or 36 weeks postmenstrual age. • Furosemide was used infrequently in the trial. 7/8 (88%) of the infants who never received furosemide developed NC. |
Gimpel (2010) [46] | cohort | 55 infants with GA < 32 weeks and BW < 1500 g | RUS obtained after the first month of life | • 15/55 (27%) of infants were diagnosed with NC. • The strongest independent risk factor for NC was furosemide therapy with cumulative dose > 10 mg/kg (OR 48.1 (95% CI 4.0–585); p < 0.01). |
Chang (2011) [47] | cohort | 102 infants with GA < 34 weeks and BW < 1500 g | RUS at term or prior to NICU discharge | • 6/102 (6%) of infants were diagnosed with NC. • Exposure to furosemide was more common in the NC group compared to the group without NC (33% vs 3%; p = 0.027). |
Lee (2014) [48] | cohort | 52 infants with BW < 1500 g | RUS at 4 and 8 weeks of life | • Exposure to furosemide did not differ significantly between infants with NC and those without NC. |
Mohamed (2014) [49] | cohort | 97 infants with GA ≤ 34 weeks | RUS at first week of life, at term, and at one year corrected age | • Exposure to furosemide was more common in the NC group compared to the group without NC (50% vs 16%; p = 0.003). |