Birth year
|
2008
|
0.99 (0.98–1.00)
|
0.148
|
0.99 (0.97–1.00)
|
0.110
|
2009
|
0.95 (0.93–0.96)
|
<.001
|
0.94 (0.92–0.96)
|
<.001
|
2010
|
0.93 (0.91–0.94)
|
<.001
|
0.92 (0.91–0.94)
|
<.001
|
2011
|
0.92 (0.90–0.93)
|
<.001
|
0.91 (0.90–0.93)
|
<.001
|
2012
|
0.92 (0.90–0.93)
|
<.001
|
0.91 (0.90–0.93)
|
<.001
|
2013
|
0.91 (0.89–0.92)
|
<.001
|
0.90 (0.89–0.92)
|
<.001
|
2014
|
0.89 (0.87–0.90)
|
<.001
|
0.89 (0.87–0.90)
|
<.001
|
2015
|
0.92 (0.90–0.93)
|
<.001
|
0.91 (0.89–0.93)
|
<.001
|
2016
|
0.94 (0.92–0.95)
|
<.001
|
0.93 (0.91–0.94)
|
<.001
|
2007
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Maternal age (years)
|
< 20
|
1.16 (1.15–1.18)
|
<.001
|
1.07 (1.05–1.09)
|
<.001
|
25–29
|
0.97 (0.96–0.98)
|
<.001
|
1.08 (1.07–1.10)
|
<.001
|
30–34
|
1.01 (1.00–1.02)
|
0.015
|
1.24 (1.22–1.26)
|
<.001
|
35–39
|
1.20 (1.19–1.22)
|
<.001
|
1.51 (1.49–1.54)
|
<.001
|
40–54
|
1.54 (1.52–1.57)
|
<.001
|
1.92 (1.88–1.96)
|
<.001
|
20–24 (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Maternal race/ethnicity
|
African American
|
1.77 (1.74–1.79)
|
<.001
|
1.64 (1.61–1.67)
|
<.001
|
American Indian
|
1.46 (1.39–1.54)
|
<.001
|
1.26 (1.18–1.35)
|
<.001
|
Asian
|
1.16 (1.14–1.17)
|
<.001
|
1.40 (1.38–1.42)
|
<.001
|
Hispanic
|
1.23 (1.22–1.24)
|
<.001
|
1.22 (1.21–1.24)
|
<.001
|
Multiple Race
|
1.26 (1.23–1.29)
|
<.001
|
1.23 (1.20–1.26)
|
<.001
|
Other Unknown
|
1.35 (1.32–1.38)
|
<.001
|
1.26 (1.22–1.30)
|
<.001
|
Pacific Islander
|
1.48 (1.41–1.55)
|
<.001
|
1.43 (1.35–1.51)
|
<.001
|
White (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Maternal education
|
< High school
|
1.37 (1.36–1.38)
|
<.001
|
1.35 (1.33–1.38)
|
<.001
|
High school diploma
|
1.28 (1.27–1.29)
|
<.001
|
1.30 (1.28–1.31)
|
<.001
|
Some college/associate degree
|
1.27 (1.26–1.29)
|
<.001
|
1.28 (1.26–1.30)
|
<.001
|
Unknown
|
1.39 (1.36–1.41)
|
<.001
|
1.30 (1.27–1.34)
|
<.001
|
Bachelor’s degree or higher (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Maternal nativity
|
United States-born
|
1.08 (1.07–1.08)
|
<.001
|
1.15 (1.14–1.16)
|
<.0001
|
Foreign-born (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Maternal demographic region
|
Central Coast
|
0.97 (0.95–1.00)
|
0.023
|
1.01 (0.98–1.04)
|
0.621
|
Greater Bay Area
|
1.03 (1.00–1.05)
|
0.022
|
1.04 (1.01–1.06)
|
0.007
|
Inland Empire
|
1.14 (1.11–1.16)
|
<.001
|
1.13 (1.10–1.16)
|
<.001
|
Los Angeles County
|
1.13 (1.11–1.15)
|
<.001
|
1.12 (1.09–1.14)
|
<.001
|
Orange County
|
0.99 (0.97–1.02)
|
0.493
|
1.05 (1.02–1.08)
|
0.001
|
Sacramento Area
|
1.03 (1.01–1.06)
|
0.016
|
1.05 (1.02–1.08)
|
0.001
|
San Diego Area
|
1.07 (1.04–1.09)
|
<.001
|
1.13 (1.10–1.16)
|
<.001
|
San Joaquin Valley
|
1.21 (1.18–1.24)
|
<.001
|
1.18 (1.15–1.22)
|
<.001
|
Northern and Sierra (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Source of prenatal care payment
|
Medi-Cal (Public)
|
1.13 (1.12–1.14)
|
<.001
|
1.12 (1.11–1.13)
|
<.001
|
Private insurance (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
cWIC participation
|
No
|
0.95 (0.94–0.96)
|
<.001
|
1.13 (1.12–1.14)
|
<.001
|
Yes (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
First trimester prenatal care initiation
|
No
|
1.08 (1.07–1.09)
|
<.001
|
1.07 (1.06–1.09)
|
<.001
|
Yes (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Parity
|
Primiparous
|
1.03 (1.02–1.04)
|
<.001
|
1.16 (1.15–1.17)
|
<.001
|
Multiparous 6–12
|
1.84 (1.80–1.88)
|
<.001
|
1.35 (1.32–1.39)
|
<.001
|
Multiparous 2–5 (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Maternal smoking
|
Yes
|
1.85 (1.81–1.89)
|
<.001
|
1.57 (1.53–1.62)
|
<.001
|
No (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)
|
Underweight, < 18.5
|
1.23 (1.20–1.25)
|
<.001
|
1.23 (1.20–1.25)
|
<.001
|
Overweight, 25.0–29.9
|
1.09 (1.08–1.09)
|
<.001
|
1.06 (1.05–1.07)
|
<.001
|
Obese I–30.0–34.9
|
1.22 (1.21–1.23)
|
<.001
|
1.16 (1.15–1.17)
|
<.001
|
Obese II, 35.0–39.9
|
1.31 (1.29–1.33)
|
<.001
|
1.24 (1.22–1.26)
|
<.001
|
Obese III, ≥ 40
|
1.44 (1.42–1.47)
|
<.001
|
1.33 (1.30–1.36)
|
<.001
|
Normal, 18.5–24.9 (ref)
|
Refb
| |
Refb
| |