Table 2 Characteristics of included articles for systematic review for perinatal mortality rate in Sub-Saharan countries, 2000–2019 Gregorian Calendar (GC)

Getiye et al., 2017, [28] Ethiopia

EA

FB

CC

1113

Short birth interval

4.55 (1.79–11.54)

NR

Preterm Delivery

2.02 (1.08–3.77)

Hx of perinatal loss

6.36 (1.51–26.76)

Low Birth weight

16.45 (9.57–28.26)

Aragaw YA, 2016, [29] Ethiopia

EA

FB

CS

3786

No ANC visit

2.05 (1.48–2.87)

98.2

Shoulder delivery

5.95 (2.11–16.86)

Breech delivery

4.06 (1.856–8.912)

Low birth weight

5.03 (1.63–15.00)

Yirgu R et al., 2016, [30] Ethiopia

EA

CB

CC

4097

Primipara

3.15 (1.03–9.60)

25.1

Hx of perinatal loss

2.46 (1.03,5.86)

Hx of perinatal loss

9.55 (4.67–19.54)

Preterm birth

9.44 (1.81–49.22)

Goba et al. 2018, [31] Ethiopia

EA

FB

CC

378

Preterm birth

12.2 (3.46, 43.17)

NR

Z

Low birth weight

11.5 (3.16–42.36)

No ANC visit

5.4 (0.80–36.63)

Short birth interval

2.2 (1.03–5.09)

Andargie et al. 2013, [32] Ethiopia

EA

CB

Co

1752

Hx of perinatal loss

8.38 (3.94, 17.83)

50.22

Multiple gestation

7.09 (3.22, 15.61)

Short birth interval

2.58 (1.61, 4.13)

Nkwo et al., 2014, [33] Nigeria

WA

PB

CS

25,817

Hx of perinatal loss

3.31 (2.73, 4.02

36

Multiple gestation

3.12 (2.11, 4.59)

Short birth interval

1.65 (1.26, 2.17)

Low birth weight

2.57 (1.79, 3.69)

Fawole et al., 2011, [34] Nigeria

WA

FB

CS

9177

No ANC visit

1.74 (1.27, 2.39)

78

Preterm birth

1.89 (1.12, 3.19)

Elective CS

0.12 (0.05, 0.36)

Emergency CS

0.73 (0.55, 0.96)

Owolabi et al. 2008,

WA

FB

Co

894

Primipara

0.67 (0.26, 1.73)

NR

[35] Nigeria

Ekure et al. 2011, [36] Nigeria

WA

FB

CS

560

Primipara

^c  0.07 B (0.02, 0.06)

84.6

Low birth weight

^c − 0.09 B(− 0.05, 0.02)

Schmiegelow et al. 2012, [37] Tanzania

EA

CB

Co

872

Preterm birth

14.47 (3.23, 64.86)

NR

Habib et al. 2008, [38] Tanzania

EA

FB

CS

15,255

Preterm birth

^a 2.2 (1.7, 2.8)

43.9

Feresu et al. 2005, [39] Zimbabwe

SA

FB

CS

15,117

No ANC visit

^b 2.52 (1.63, 3.91)

65

Primipara

^b 1.52 (0.97, 2.38)

Breech Delivery

^b 10.53 (6.78, 6.34)

Instrument delivery

^b 3.38 (1.64, 6.96)

Tachiweyika et al. 2011, [5] Zimbabwe

SA

CB

CC

10,540

Low birth weight

9.46 (3.91, 27.65)

NR

Moyer et al. 2016, [40] Uganda

WA

CB

CS

4883

–

–

105.88

Engmann et al. 2012, [41] Ghana

WA

PB

CS

17,300

Primipara

1.75 (1.28, 2.40)

39

Preterm birth

2.84 (2.11, 3.81)

Multiple gestation

5.22 (3.61, 7.54)

Kone et al., 2018, [42] Côte d’Ivoire

WA

CB

Co

2976

Hx of perinatal loss

23.2 (14.71, 36.55)

33

Preterm birth

4.45 (2.82, 7.01)

Caesarean section

13.03 (4.24, 40.08)

Instrument delivery

5.05 (1.50, 16.96)

Diallo et al. 2010, [43] Burkina Faso

WA

CB

Co

895

Primipara

2.20 (1.2, 3.9)

79

Multiple gestation

^b 4.0 (2.3, 6.9)

Yego et al. 2014, [44] Kenya

EA

FB

CC

600

No ANC visit

4.5 (1.2, 16.7)

NR

Preterm birth

7.0 (2.4, 20.4)

Low birth weight

6.6 (3.8, 10.2)

Musafili et al. 2015, [45] Rwanda

EA

FB

CC

672

–

–

32

kulmala et al. 2000, [46] Malawi

EA

CB

Co

780

Cesarean section

^b 4.4 (1.4, 13.9)

NR

Hx of perinatal loss

^b 2.7 (1.3, 5.7)

N.B Osman et al. 2001, [47]

SA

FB

Co

908

Preterm birth

8.48 (3.44, 20.90)

47

Mozambique

Low Birth weight

AOR 4.20 (1.49–11.86)