Table 1 Individual and community-level factors of adverse perinatal outcomes in urban South Ethiopia
Variables | Preterm birth (n = 235) | Term low birth weight (n = 96) | Perinatal deaths (n = 47) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 2510) | n (%) | X2 P-value | Total (N = 2275) | n (%) | X2 P-value | Total (N = 2548) | n (%) | X2 P-value | |
Individual-level factors | |||||||||
Inter-pregnancy interval in months | |||||||||
< 18 | 732 | 84 (11.5) | 0.01 | 652 | 37 (5.7) | < 0.009 | 754 | 26 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
18–23 | 500 | 53 (10.6) | 447 | 24 (5.4) | 504 | 7 (1.4) | |||
24–60 | 1278 | 98 (7.7) | 1176 | 35 (3.1) | 1290 | 14 (1.1) | |||
Age at interview in years | |||||||||
20–24 | 390 | 28 (7.2) | 0.15 | 362 | 16 (4.4) | 0.64 | 398 | 9 (2.3) | 0.15 |
25–29 | 1364 | 127 (9.3) | 1235 | 48 (3.9) | 1386 | 30 (2.2) | |||
≥ 30 | 748 | 80 (10.7) | 670 | 32 (4.8) | 756 | 8 (1.1) | |||
Maternal education | |||||||||
No formal education | 495 | 71 (14.3) | < 0.001 | 424 | 24 (5.7) | 0.10 | 501 | 8 (1.6) | 0.89 |
Primary education | 1055 | 102 (9.7) | 953 | 45 (4.7) | 1069 | 19 (1.8) | |||
Secondary education | 530 | 41 (7.7) | 489 | 16 (3.3) | 541 | 12 (2.2) | |||
Higher education | 430 | 21 (4.9) | 409 | 11 (2.7) | 437 | 8 (1.8) | |||
Husband education | |||||||||
No formal education | 364 | 56 (15.4) | < 0.001 | 307 | 25 (8.1) | 0.001 | 370 | 6 (1.6) | 0.47 |
Primary education | 990 | 95 (9.6) | 896 | 39 (4.4) | 1000 | 14 (1.4) | |||
Secondary education | 553 | 42 (7.6) | 511 | 13 (2.5) | 563 | 13 (2.3) | |||
Higher education | 602 | 42 (7.0) | 560 | 19 (3.4) | 614 | 14 (2.3) | |||
Maternal occupation | |||||||||
Housewife | 1833 | 195 (10.6) | 0.001 | 1637 | 82 (5.0) | 0.011 | 1862 | 35 (1.9) | 0.54 |
Merchant/vender/others | 278 | 16 (5.8) | 263 | 5 (1.9) | 279 | 3 (1.1) | |||
Employed | 399 | 24 (6.0) | 375 | 9 (2.4) | 407 | 9 (2.2) | |||
Age at first childbirth | |||||||||
15–19 | 663 | 48 (7.2) | 0.03 | 615 | 31 (5.0) | 0.27 | 673 | 11 (1.6) | 0.48 |
20–24 | 1511 | 146 (9.7) | 1363 | 57 (4.2) | 1533 | 27 (1.8) | |||
≥ 25 | 331 | 41 (12.4) | 292 | 8 (2.7) | 337 | 9 (2.7) | |||
Parity | |||||||||
1–2 | 1701 | 139 (8.2) | 0.003 | 1561 | 58 (3.7) | 0.07 | 1729 | 35 (2.0) | 0.34 |
≥ 3 | 804 | 96 (11.9) | 709 | 38 (5.4) | 814 | 12 (1.5) | |||
Mode of previous delivery | |||||||||
Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 2283 | 209 (9.2) | 0.25 | 2074 | 85 (4.1) | 0.34 | 2319 | 44 (1.9) | 0.53 |
Cesarean-section or Instrumental | 226 | 26 (11.5) | 200 | 11 (5.5) | 228 | 3 (1.3) | |||
Pregnancy intention | |||||||||
Intended | 1533 | 143 (9.3) | 0.94 | 1383 | 56 (4.0) | 0.59 | 1554 | 27 (1.7) | 0.62 |
Unintended | 977 | 92 (9.4) | 888 | 40 (4.5) | 994 | 20 (2.0) | |||
Wealth status | |||||||||
Low | 828 | 60 (7.2) | 0.001 | 768 | 24 (3.1) | 0.001 | 838 | 13 (1.6) | 0.004 |
Medium | 836 | 103 (12.3) | 733 | 48 (6.5) | 843 | 8 (0.9) | |||
High | 827 | 68 (8.2) | 759 | 23 (3.0) | 848 | 26 (3.1) | |||
Community-level factors | |||||||||
Community maternal education | |||||||||
Low | 1157 | 178 (15.4) | < 0.001 | 979 | 64 (6.5) | < 0.001 | 1038 | – | – |
High | 1353 | 57 (4.2) | 1296 | 32 (2.5) | 1379 | – | |||
Community wealth status | |||||||||
Low | 1245 | 153 (12.3) | < 0.001 | 1092 | 51 (4.7) | 0.30 | 1258 | – | – |
High | 1265 | 82 (6.5) | 1183 | 45 (3.8) | 1290 | – | |||