Table 3 Relationship of maternal health problems to vitamin status. A “M” is added to studies which are meta-analyses or systematic reviews

Abdominal Pain

Vitamin C (Rumbold 2008) [20]

Anemia

Riboflavin(Ma 2008, Suprapto 2002) [21, 22];

Vitamin A (Thorne-Lyman 2012 M) [23]

Cesarean Section

Vitamin D (Merewood 2009, Wagner 2016) [24, 25]

Dental Decay

Pyridoxine (Rumbold 2008) [20]

Depression

DHA (Hibbeln 2002, Lin 2017 M, Zhang 2020 M) [26,27,28]

Eclampsia

Vitamin A (Ziari 1996) [29];

Vitamin E (Ziari 1996) [29]

Gestational Diabetes

Cobalamin (Yajnik 2008, Finkelstein 2015) [30, 31]

DHA (Goa 2020) [32]

Inositol (Corrado 2011) [33]

Glucose Levels

Inositol (Corrado 2011, Papaloe 2011) [33, 34]

Hospitalization

Vitamin C (Hans 2010) [35]

Hyperglycemia

Vitamin E (Ley 2013) [36]

Hypertension

Vitamin D (Rumbold 2008, Wagner 2013) [20, 37]

Riboflavin (Elsen 2012) [38]

Infection

Vitamin D (Wagner 2013) [37]

Infertility

Cobalamin (Jackson 1967, Hall 1968, Bennett 2001) [39,40,41]

Inositol (Carlomagno 2011, Papaloe 2011) [34, 42]

Insulin Resistance

Vitamin E (Ley 2013) [36]

Megaloblastic Anemia

Folate (Lassi 2013 M) [43]

Nausea/Vomiting during Pregnancy

Pyridoxine (Chittumma 2007) [44]

Night Blindness

Riboflavin (Christian 1998, Graham 2007) [45, 46]

Vitamin A (Christian 1998) [46]

Pernicious Anemia

Cobalamin (Jackson 1967, Hall 1968) [39, 40]

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Inositol (Papaleo 2011) [34]

Preeclampsia

Cobalamin (Mardali 2021) [47];

Vitamin D (Bodnar 2007, Baca 2016, Haugen 2009, & Wagner 2013) [37, 48,49,50];

DHA (Bakouei 2020 M, Kulkarni 2010, Middleton 2018) [51,52,53]

Pyridoxine (Hillman 1962) [54];

Riboflavin (Elsen 2012) [38];

Vitamin A (Ziari 1996) [29];

Vitamin C (Chappell 2002) [55]

Vitamin E (Ziari 1996) [29]

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)

Vitamin C (Rumbold 2015 M, Casanueva 2005, Ghomian 2013, Zamani 2013 & Kiondo 2014) [56,57,58,59,60,61];

Vitamin E (Rumbold 2015b M) [56, 60]

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Vitamin D (Yu 2009) [62]

Urinary Tract Infection

Vitamin C (Ochoa-Brust 2007) [63]