| Preterm & SGA Births a,b | Neonatal Adiposity f,g | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cotinine Categories h | Cotinine Categories h | |||||||||
 |  < 0.05 | 0.05–550 |  ≥ 550 |  |  |  < 0.05 | 0.05–550 |  ≥ 550 |  | |
Total (n = 701) | No exposure (n = 516, 73.6%) | Secondhand Smoke (n = 143, 20.4%) | Active Smoker (n = 42, 6.0%) | p-value e | Total (n = 630) | No exposure (n = 463, 73.5%) | Secondhand Smoke (n = 132, 21.0%) | Active Smoker (n = 35, 5.5%) | p-valuee | |
Maternal characteristics c | ||||||||||
 Maternal age (yrs) | 29 ± 6 | 30 ± 5 | 24 ± 6 | 27 ± 5 | p < 0.01 | 28.9 ± 6 | 30 ± 5 | 24 ± 6 | 27 ± 5 | p < 0.01 |
 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 6 | 25 ± 5 | 26 ± 7 | 26 ± 7 | p = 0.06 | 25.5 ± 6 | 25 ± 6 | 26 ± 6 | 26 ± 7 | p = 0.10 |
 Gravidity, number of pregnancies | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | 2 ± 2 | p < 0.01 | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | 2 ± 2 | p < 0.01 |
Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
 non-Hispanic white | 399 (57%) | 337 (65%) | 44 (31%) | 18 (43%) | p < 0.01 | 354 (56%) | 298 (64%) | 42 (32%) | 14 (40%) | p < 0.01 |
 non-Hispanic black | 84 (12%) | 24 (5%) | 46 (32%) | 14 (33%) | 75 (12%) | 22 (5%) | 41 (31%) | 12 (34%) | ||
 Hispanic | 174 (25%) | 128 (25%) | 39 (27%) | 7 (17%) | 162 (26%) | 119 (26%) | 37 (28%) | 6 (17%) | ||
 Other | 44 (6%) | 27 (5%) | 14 (10%) | 3 (7%) | 39 (6%) | 24 (5%) | 12 (9%) | 3 (9%) | ||
Household income | ||||||||||
 < 40,000 | 179 (25%) | 97 (19%) | 60 (42%) | 22 (52%) | p < 0.01 | 165 (26%) | 90 (19%) | 58 (44%) | 17 (49%) | p < 0.01 |
 40,001–70,000 | 134 (19%) | 105 (20%) | 19 (13%) | 10 (24%) | 120 (19%) | 94 (20%) | 17 (13%) | 9 (26%) | ||
 > 70,000 | 264 (38%) | 247 (48%) | 14 (10%) | 3 (7%) | 234 (37%) | 220 (48%) | 11 (8%) | 3 (9%) | ||
 Don't know | 124 (18%) | 67 (13%) | 50 (35%) | 7 (17%) | 111 (18%) | 59 (13%) | 46 (35%) | 6 (17%) | ||
Mother's highest level of education | ||||||||||
 < 12 years | 87 (12%) | 39 (8%) | 38 (27%) | 10 (24%) | p < 0.01 | 81 (13%) | 36 (8%) | 36 (27%) | 9 (26%) | p < 0.01 |
 High School Degree | 111 (16%) | 58 (11%) | 43 (30%) | 10 (24%) | 101 (16%) | 52 (11%) | 41 (31%) | 8 (23%) | ||
 College classes or college degree | 503 (72%) | 419 (81%) | 62 (43%) | 22 (52%) | 448 (71%) | 375 (81%) | 55 (42%) | 18 (51%) | ||
 Maternal Average Daily Total Caloric Intake Throughout Pregnancy (kcal) | 2055 ± 686 | 2005 ± 552 | 2176 ± 950 | 2249 ± 978 | p < 0.01 | 2046 ± 675 | 1996 ± 546 | 2186 ± 944 | 2183 ± 896 | p < 0.01 |
 Healthy Eating Index d | 62 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 56 ± 10 | 52 ± 9 | p < 0.01 | 62 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 56 ± 10 | 52 ± 10 | p < 0.01 |
Healthy Eating Index (≥ , < median value. 61) d | ||||||||||
 ≥ median value | 365 (52%) | 316 (61%) | 40 (28%) | 9 (21%) | p < 0.01 | 327 (52%) | 283 (61%) | 36 (27%) | 8 (23%) | p < 0.01 |
 < median value | 309 (44%) | 186 (36%) | 92 (64%) | 31 (74%) | 278 (44%) | 167 (36%) | 86 (65%) | 25 (71%) | ||
 missing | 27 (4%) | 14 (3%) | 11 (8%) | 2 (5%) | 25 (4%) | 13 (3%) | 10 (8%) | 2 (6%) | ||
 Total Folic Acid Supplementation & Dietary Folate Equivalents d | 1385 ± 544 | 1418 ± 552 | 1292 ± 508 | 1294 ± 520 | p = 0.03 | 1384 ± 533 | 1418 ± 543 | 1312 ± 509 | 1216 ± 438 | p = 0.02 |
Total Folic Acid Supplementation & Dietary Folate Equivalents d | ||||||||||
 ≥ 1077 µg/day | 520 (74%) | 400 (77%) | 96 (67%) | 24 (57%) | p < 0.01 | 470 (75%) | 361 (78%) | 91 (69%) | 18 (51%) | p < 0.01 |
 < 1077 µg/day | 177 (25%) | 113 (22%) | 46 (32%) | 18 (43%) | 156 (24%) | 99 (21%) | 40 (30%) | 17 (49%) | ||
 missing | 4 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Offspring characteristics | ||||||||||
Infant Sex | ||||||||||
 Female | 337 (48%) | 246 (48%) | 73 (51%) | 18 (43%) | p = 0.61 | 309 (49%) | 227 (49%) | 68 (52%) | 14 (40%) | p = 0.48 |
 Male | 362 (52%) | 268 (52%) | 70 (49%) | 24 (57%) | 321 (51%) | 236 (51%) | 64 (48%) | 21 (60%) | ||
 Missing | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |