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Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios and mean/beta coefficients for maternal cotinine categories and selected birth outcomes by maternal dietary factors, Healthy Start (2010–2014)

From: Prenatal exposure to tobacco and adverse birth outcomes: effect modification by folate intake during pregnancy

aORs/aMeans for Selected Birth Outcomes by Healthy Eating Index and Daily Folate Intake

Maternal Dietary Factors a

Preterm Birth

Small-for-Gestational Age Birth

Neonatal Adiposity

 

no/nō

aOR (95%CI)

no/nō

aOR (95%CI)

 

Adj. Beta coefficients (95% CIs)

Adj. Means (95% CIs)

Dietary Factors

Healthy Eating Index (HEI)

Low HEI (< 61)

   < 0.05 ng/mL (LOD, No Exposure)

9/177

1.00 Reference

26/159

1.00 Reference

167

Reference

9.64 (8.86, 10.43)

    ≥ 0.05 ng/mL (Any Smoking Exposure)

4/119

0.47 (0.12, 1.92)

29/94

1.33 (0.63, 2.81)

111

-1.03 (-2.05, -0.02)

8.69 (7.91, 9.46)

High HEI (≥ 61)

 < 0.05 ng/mL (LOD, No Exposure)

14/302

1.00 Reference

32/283

1.00 Reference

283

Reference

9.32 (8.27, 10.37)

 ≥ 0.05 ng/mL (Any Smoking Exposure)

2/47

0.67 (0.12, 3.79)

9/40

2.11 (0.81, 5.49)

44

-0.62 (-1.98, 0.74)

8.73 (7.26, 10.20)

 p for interaction term *

 

p = 0.47

 

p = 0.94

 

p = 0.33

Total Folic Acid Supplementation & Dietary Folate Equivalents [1077 µg/day = 25th percentile]

 < 1077 µg/day

  < 0.05 ng/mL (LOD, No Exposure)

6/107

Reference

8/105

Reference

99

Reference

8.92 (7.85, 9.99)

  ≥ 0.05 ng/mL (Any Smoking Exposure)

2/62

0.32 (0.04, 2.42)

15/49

4.99 (1.55, 16.14)

57

-2.09 (-3.44, -0.74)

7.19 (6.04, 8.33)

 ≥ 1077 µg/day

 < 0.05 ng/mL (LOD, No Exposure)

17/381

Reference

51/347

Reference

361

Reference

9.71 (8.98, 10.43)

 ≥ 0.05 ng/mL (Any Smoking Exposure)

5/115

0.94 (0.28, 3.14)

25/95

1.15 (0.57, 2.31)

109

-0.17 (-1.13, 0.79)

9.43 (8.57, 10.29)

 p for interaction term *

 

p = 0.63

 

p = 0.07

 

p = 0.07

  1. aORs = adjusted odds ratios; aMean = adjusted means; 95%CIs = 95% confidence intervals
  2. SGA = small-for-gestational age {based on sex, race/ethnic and parity specific growth curves (add citations here)
  3. * P-values for interaction generated by adding product terms between maternal cotinine and nutrient categories (continuous form) in separate models
  4. a All models adjusted for maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, and infant sex