Table 2 Univariate analysis of the factors contributing to a high EPDS score
High-score group EPDS ≥ 9 (N = 284) | Low-score group EPDS ≤ 8 (N = 1341) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Average | P-value* | T-value | ||||
Maternal | Age at birth (year) | 33.0 | 33.1 | 0.688 | -0.40 | ||
Birth | Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 38.1 | 38.0 | 0.141 | 1.47 | ||
Neonate | Birth weight (g) | 2,809 | 2,826 | 0.540 | -0.61 | ||
Z-score of birth weight | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.022 | -2.3 | |||
N | % | N | % | P-value* | Chi-square statistic | ||
Maternal | Young pregnant women (≤ 19 years) | 5 | 1.8 | 18 | 1.3 | 0.588 | 0.29 |
Advanced maternal age (≥ 40 years) | 30 | 10.6 | 119 | 8.9 | 0.370 | 0.80 | |
Primipara | 167 | 58.8 | 692 | 50.9 | 0.015 | 5.93 | |
Multiple pregnancy | 4 | 1.4 | 21 | 1.6 | 0.845 | 0.04 | |
Pregnancy complication | 151 | 53.2 | 763 | 56.9 | 0.250 | 1.32 | |
Underlying maternal disease | 153 | 53.9 | 591 | 44.1 | 0.003 | 9.01 | |
Mental disorder | 46 | 16.2 | 39 | 2.9 | 0.000 | 83.5 | |
Maternal transport | 40 | 14.1 | 256 | 19.1 | 0.047 | 3.94 | |
Birth | Preterm birth | 43 | 15.1 | 275 | 20.5 | 0.038 | 4.29 |
Urgent cesarean section | 67 | 23.6 | 328 | 24.5 | 0.757 | 0.10 | |
Neonate | Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | 71 | 25.0 | 320 | 23.9 | 0.684 | 0.17 |
Light for date | 29 | 10.2 | 88 | 6.6 | 0.031 | 4.67 | |
Hospitalization at NICU | 162 | 57.0 | 739 | 55.1 | 0.551 | 0.34 | |
Neonatal transport | 5 | 1.8 | 7 | 0.5 | 0.027 | 4.91 | |
Lactation | Exclusive breastfeeding | 81 | 28.5 | 579 | 43.2 | 0.000 | 21.02 |
Bottle-feeding | 51 | 18.0 | 98 | 7.3 | 0.000 | 31.91 | |
Social | No partner | 8 | 2.8 | 23 | 1.7 | 0.218 | 1.52 |
Welfare | 2 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.086 | 2.94 | |
Late visit | 7 | 2.5 | 10 | 0.7 | 0.010 | 6.69 | |