Vitamin | Significant Evidence | Limited Evidence |
---|---|---|
Vitamin A | Anemia (Thorne-Lyman 2012 M) [23] | Night Blindness (Christian 1998) [46]; Preeclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29]; Eclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29] |
Vitamin C | Premature Rupture of Membrane (Rumbold 2015 M, Casanueva 2005, Ghomian 2013, Zamani 2013, Kiondo 2014) [56,57,58,59] | Abdominal Pain (Rumbold 2008) [20]; Hospitalizations (Hans 2010) [35]; Preeclampsia (Chappell 2002) [55]; Urinary Tract Infection (Ochoa-Brust 2007) [63] |
Vitamin D | Cesarean section (Merewood 2009, Wagner 2016) [24, 25]; Preeclampsia (Bodnar 2007, Baca 2016, Haugen 2009, Wagner 2013) [37, 48,49,50] | Hypertension (Wagner 2013, Rumbold 2008) [20, 37]; Infection (Wagner 2013) [37]; Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Yu 2009) [62] |
Vitamin E | Premature Rupture of Membrane (Rumbold 2015b M) [56] | Eclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29]; Hyperglycemia (Ley 2013) [36]; Insulin Resistance (Ley 2013) [36]; Preeclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29] |
Vitamin K | ||
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Glucose Tolerance (Bakker 2000) [81] | |
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Hypertension (Elsen 2012) [38]; Preeclampsia (Elsen 2012) [38] | |
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | ||
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) | ||
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Dental Decay(115), Nausea/Vomiting (Chittumma 2007) [44] Preeclampsia(115) | |
Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | ||
Vitamin B9 (Folate) | Megaloblastic Anemia (Lassi 2013 M) [43] | |
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Gestational Diabetes (Finkelstein 2015, Yajnik 2008) [30, 31] Infertility (Jackson 1967, Hall 1968, Bennett 2001) [39,40,41]; Pernicious Anemia (Jackson 1967, Hall 1968) [39, 40]; Preeclampsia (Mardali 2021) [47]; | |
Choline | ||
DHA | Depression (Hibbeln 2002, Lin 2017 M, Zhang 2020 M) [26,27,28]; Gestation Diabetes (Gao 2020) [32]; Preeclampsia (Bakouei 2020 M, Kulkarni 2010, Middleton 2018) [51,52,53] | |
Inositol | Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (Papaleo 2011) [34]; Gestational Diabetes (Corrado 2011) [33] |