Table 5 Relationship of vitamins to maternal health problems

Vitamin A

Anemia (Thorne-Lyman 2012 M) [23]

Night Blindness (Christian 1998) [46];

Preeclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29];

Eclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29]

Vitamin C

Premature Rupture of Membrane (Rumbold 2015 M, Casanueva 2005, Ghomian 2013, Zamani 2013, Kiondo 2014) [56,57,58,59]

Abdominal Pain (Rumbold 2008) [20];

Hospitalizations (Hans 2010) [35];

Preeclampsia (Chappell 2002) [55];

Urinary Tract Infection (Ochoa-Brust 2007) [63]

Vitamin D

Cesarean section (Merewood 2009, Wagner 2016) [24, 25];

Preeclampsia (Bodnar 2007, Baca 2016, Haugen 2009, Wagner 2013) [37, 48,49,50]

Hypertension (Wagner 2013, Rumbold 2008) [20, 37];

Infection (Wagner 2013) [37];

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Yu 2009) [62]

Vitamin E

Premature Rupture of Membrane (Rumbold 2015b M) [56]

Eclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29];

Hyperglycemia (Ley 2013) [36];

Insulin Resistance (Ley 2013) [36];

Preeclampsia (Ziari 1996) [29]

Vitamin K

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Glucose Tolerance (Bakker 2000) [81]

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Anemia (Ma 2008, Suprapto 2002) [21, 22];

Night blindness (Christian 1998, Graham 2007) [45, 46]

Hypertension (Elsen 2012) [38];

Preeclampsia (Elsen 2012) [38]

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Dental Decay(115),

Nausea/Vomiting (Chittumma 2007) [44]

Preeclampsia(115)

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Megaloblastic Anemia (Lassi 2013 M) [43]

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Gestational Diabetes (Finkelstein 2015, Yajnik 2008) [30, 31]

Infertility (Jackson 1967, Hall 1968, Bennett 2001) [39,40,41];

Pernicious Anemia (Jackson 1967, Hall 1968) [39, 40];

Preeclampsia (Mardali 2021) [47];

Choline

DHA

Depression (Hibbeln 2002, Lin 2017 M, Zhang 2020 M) [26,27,28];

Gestation Diabetes (Gao 2020) [32];

Preeclampsia (Bakouei 2020 M, Kulkarni 2010, Middleton 2018) [51,52,53]

Inositol

Glucose Levels (Corrado 2011, Papaloe 2011) [33, 34];

Infertility (Carlomagno 2011, Papaloe 2011) [34, 42]

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (Papaleo 2011) [34];

Gestational Diabetes (Corrado 2011) [33]