Variable | Number (%) or Mean+/-SD | Mean T/S Ratio ±  | p value | Pearson R (p value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Standard Deviation (SD) |  |  |
Total Sample | 393 | 2.02 ± 0.30 |  |  |
Maternal and Paternal Demographics | ||||
 Maternal Education | ||||
  Less than high school | 53 (13.73) | 2.03 ± 0.24 | 0.87 |  |
  High school graduate or more | 333 (86.27) | 2.02 ± 0.30 |  |  |
Maternal Education | ||||
 Less than high school | 53 (14.06) | 2.03 ± 0.24 | 0.70 |  |
 High School graduate/GED only | 126 (33.42) | 2.00 ± -0.31 |  |  |
 Bachelor's/Associate's degree | 116 (30.77) | 2.04 ± 0.33 |  |  |
 Graduate degree | 82 (21.75) | 2.04 ± 0.27 |  |  |
Marital Status | ||||
 Married | 248 (64.42) | 2.01 ± 0.28 | 0.23 |  |
 Single/Other | 28 (7.27) | 1.96 ± 0.21 |  |  |
 Living with Partner | 109 (28.31) | 2.06 ± 0.35 |  |  |
Maternal Latina | ||||
 Latina | 263 (66.92) | 2.01 ± 0.28 | 0.51 |  |
 Other | 130. (33.08) | 2.04 ± 0.33 |  |  |
Maternal Latina Ethnicity | ||||
 Mexican/Central | ||||
  American | 195 (74.14) | 2.01 ± 0.29 | 0.76 |  |
  South American(SA)/ Caribbean/Spain/ Portugal | 68 (25.86) | 2.01 ± 0.27 |  |  |
Paternal Latino Ethnicity | ||||
 Mexican/Central American | 138 (80.23) | 2.00 ± 0.25 | 0.02 |  |
 Caribbean/Spain/Portugal | 34 (19.77) | 2.12 ± 0.40 |  |  |
Maternal Age (years) | 32.55 ± 5.44 |  |  | -0.04 (0.48) |
  < 20 | 11 (2.86) | 2.15 ± -0.27 | 0.44 |  |
 20–25 | 35 (9.11) | 1.99 ± -0.23 |  |  |
 25–30 | 57 (14.84) | 1.99 ± 0.28 |  |  |
 30–35 | 141 (36.72) | 2.03 ± 0.25 |  |  |
 35–40 | 117 (30.47) | 2.04 ± 0.24 |  |  |
  > 40 | 23 (5.99) | 2.00 ± 0.27 |  |  |
Paternal Age (years) | 33.92 ± 6.65 |  |  | 0.01 (0.90) |
  ≤ 35 years | 135 (54.88) | 2.01 ± 0.36 | 0.66 |  |
  > 35 years | 111 (45.12) | 2.02 ± 0.23 |  |  |
Maternal Health History and Lifestyle Characteristics | ||||
Maternal Diabetes | ||||
 Preexisting Diabetes (Type1/Type2/diet managed) | 21 (5.34) | 2.02 ± 0.26 | 0.32 |  |
 Gestational Diabetes | 55 (14.00) | 2.08 ± 0.38 |  |  |
 No Diabetes | 317 (80.66) | 2.01 ± 0.28 |  |  |
Smoking | ||||
 Any smoking | 40 (10.39) | 2.02 ± 0.28 | 0.87 |  |
 No smoking | 345 (89.61) | 2.03 ± 0.30 |  |  |
SSB Consumption (servings/week) | 2.72 ± 5.39 |  |  | -0.04 (0.48) |
 No SSB Consumption (= 0/week) | 143 (36.76) | 2.03 ± 0.32 | 0.69 |  |
 Some SSB Consumption (0–4/week) | 171 (43.96) | 2.01 ± 0.29 |  |  |
 High SSB Consumption (> 4/week) | 75 (19.28) | 2.01 ± 0.27 |  |  |
Maternal Mental Health | ||||
 No Mental Health Incidence | 332 (86.23) | 2.03 ± 0.30 | 0.09 |  |
 Mental Illness Incident | 53 (13.77) | 1.96 ± 0.28 |  |  |
Pre-Pregnancy Maternal BMI Category | 26.13 ± 6.76 |  |  |  |
 Underweight/Normal (< 24.99) | 198 (55.15) | 2.01 ± 0.31 | 0.81 | 0.04 (0.48) |
 Overweight(25.0–29.99) | 84 (23.40) | 2.03 ± 0.32 |  |  |
 Obese(>=30) | 77 (21.45) | 2.03 ± 0.23 |  |  |
Maternal Hypertension | ||||
 No hypertension present | 328 (84.97) | 2.02 ± 0.30 | 0.85 |  |
 Hypertension present | 58 (15.03) | 2.02 ± 0.26 |  |  |
Age of Menstruation Onset | 12.59 ± 1.61 |  |  |  |
  ≤ 12 years | 180 (46.88) | 2.05 ± 0.32 | 0.16 | -0.05 (0.36) |
  > 12 years | 204 (53.12) | 2.00 ± 0.28 |  |  |
Weight Gain during Pregnancy | 26.26 ± 13.13 |  |  | 0.04 (0.39) |
  < 40 lbs | 339 (86.04) | 2.01 ± 0.30 | 0.05 |  |
  >  = 40 lbs | 55 (13.96) | 2.09 ± 0.30 |  |  |
Weight Gain during Pregnancy Within Guidelines for American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) | ||||
 Under ACOG Range | 86(22.99) | 1.95 ± 0.24 | 0.08 |  |
 Normal ACOG Range | 158 (42.25) | 2.04 ± 0.34 |  |  |
 Above ACOG Range | 130 (34.76) | 2.03 ± 0.27 |  |  |
Parity | 1.83 ± 0.97 |  |  | 0.02 (0.71) |
 1 | 175 (54.18) | 2.02 ± 0.30 | 0.67 |  |
 2,3 | 126 (39.01) | 2.04 ± 0.31 |  |  |
  > 3 | 22 (6.81) | 2.07 ± 0.29 |  |  |
Child Specific Variables | ||||
 Sex | ||||
  Male | 192 (49.74) | 1.99 ± 0.30 | 0.04 |  |
  Female | 194 (50.26) | 2.06 ± 0.29 |  |  |
Neonatal Race/Ethnicity | ||||
 European White | 35 (8.91) | 1.99 ± 0.21 | 0.09 |  |
 Asian (including Pacific Islander) | 24 (6.11) | 2.18 ± 0.51 |  |  |
 Black | 3 (0.76) | 1.99 ± 0.27 |  |  |
 Latinx | 279 (70.99) | 2.01 ± 0.28 |  |  |
 Missing/other | 52 (13.23) | 1.99 ± 0.28 |  |  |
Gestational Age |  | 38.90 ± 1.81 |  |  |
  < 35 weeks | 16 (4.13) | 2.15 ± 0.27 | 0.04 | -0.12(0.02) |
  ≥ 35 weeks and < 37 weeks | 34 (8.79) | 2.11 ± 0.44 |  |  |
  ≥ 37 weeks | 337 (87.08) | 2.01 ± 0.28 |  |  |
Apgar (1 min) |  | 7.74 ± 1.32 |  | 0.05 (0.32) |
  < 7 | 46 (11.98) | 1.99 ± 0.24 | 0.48 |  |
  ≥ 7 and < 9 | 229 (59.63) | 2.04 ± 0.29 |  |  |
  ≥ 9 | 109 (28.39) | 2.01 ± 0.33 |  |  |
Apgar (5 min) |  | 8.80 ± 0.62 |  | 0.01 (0.85) |
  < 9 at 5 min | 55 (14.25) | 1.98 ± 0.25 | 0.25 |  |
  ≥ 9 at 5 min | 331 (85.75) | 2.03 ± 0.30 |  |  |
Birth Type | ||||
 C-Section | 94 (24.42) | 2.02 ± 0.25 | 0.87 |  |
 Vaginal | 291 (75.58) | 2.02 ± 0.31 |  |  |
Child Weight (grams) | 3272.72 ± 536.37 |  |  | -0.05 (0.30) |
 Low Birth Weight (LBW) (< 2500 g) | 27 (6.98) | 2.11 ± 0.27 | 0.11 |  |
 Macrosomic (> 4000 g) | 26 (6.72) | 1.99 ± 0.24 | 0.54 |  |
Child birth weight Z-score | 0.31 ± 0.99 |  |  | 0.91(-0.03) |
  < 0 | 239 (61.92) | 2.02 ± 0.32 | 0.60 |  |
  ≥ 0 | 147 (38.08) | 2.03 ± 0.26 |  |  |
Child birth length Z-score | 0.21 ± 1.16 |  |  | 0.02 (0.71) |
  < 0 | 132 (34.38) | 2.01 ± 0.33 | 0.40 |  |
  ≥ 0 | 252 (65.62) | 2.03 ± 0.28 |  |  |
Head Circumference (cm) | 34.17 ± 1.71 |  |  | -0.09 (0.09) |
  ≤ 34.5 cm | 234 (60.78) | 2.04 ± 0.30 | 0.13 |  |
  > 34.5 cm | 151 (39.22) | 2.00 ± 0.29 |  |  |